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The greatly increased reliance on technology for work, education, business, and social interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic has opened up opportunities for cyber criminals. It is highly probable that post-COVID-19, this reliance will lead to a hyperconnected world.

The role of social media in aiding terrorist attacks worldwide has been widely discussed among counterterrorism officials and academics. Since 2014, the idea of 'crowdsourced terrorism', whereby the Islamic State (IS) outsourced the conduct of attacks to their followers and attempted to attract them to Syria, has been popularly used by Western policymakers. This article critically examines the phenomenon of crowdsourcing and the IS's online appeal in the case of Indonesia. The participant–curator crowdsourcing model outlined by Laurie Philips and Daren Brabham explains the online appeal of the IS, with social media facilitating the IS's establishment of the relationship with Internet users in faraway countries such as Indonesia and allowing them to participate in the making of the IS brand. Participatory culture therefore encourages an e-supporter's faith in the importance of their individual contribution and social connection that transcend offline realities in areas such as citizenship. IS opinion leaders work alongside online supporters to craft the meaning of martyrdom and imagination of citizenship through social media posts about life in the Caliphate. The land of Syria is imagined simultaneously as paradise for those who take their faith seriously as well as the venue for the Islamic equivalent of Armageddon. Hijrah (jihad by emigration) to Syria and martyrdom are represented as obligatory in the quest for equalization of power and freedom from slavery of those who are against the establishment of the Caliphate. Crowdsourced imaginations of the IS have had implications in several areas of policymaking. The article will discuss the implications of online imaginaries on IS's approaches to militancy in its operations, Indonesian decision makers' debate to revoke the citizenship of those who had travelled to IS and for the Indonesian military in its quest for expansion of their role in counterterror operations.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- The Inmate Transportation Problem and Its Application in the PA Department of Corrections -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Problem Description -- 4 Model Development -- 4.1 Mathematical Model -- 5 Computational Results -- 6 Benefits and Impact -- 7 Summary -- References -- Robust Modality Selection in Radiotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation and Exact Solution Method -- 2.1 Robust Formulation Under Interval Uncertainty -- 2.2 Decomposition into Subproblems Solved via KKT Conditions -- 2.3 Experiment Design and Procedure -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Uncertainty in Physical Characteristic s2 of M2 -- 3.2 Uncertainty in Biological Characteristic αφ1 of M1 -- References -- Incentive-Based Rebalancing of Bike-Sharing Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Simulation Model Development -- 3.1 A Customized Bike Station Object in Simio -- 3.2 A Simulation Model of the CitiBike System in Jersey City -- 4 Experiments and Results -- 5 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- A T-shaped Measure of Multidisciplinarity in Academic Research Networks: The GRAND Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 The GRAND Network and Its T-shaped Multidisciplinarity -- 4 Research Findings and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- A Framework for Delivering Service Differentiation Through Operating Segments: Research Opportunities and Implementation Challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Market and Operating Segments -- 3 Producing and Delivering Differentiated Service -- 4 Research Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- Higher Education as a Service: The Science of Running a Lean Program in International Business -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Mikkeli Business Program -- 3 The Service Science Framework -- 4 Service Science of the Mikkeli Program -- 4.1 Resources.

Abstract. The East Africa drought in autumn of year 2016 caused malnutrition, illness and death. Close to 16 million people across Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya needed food, water and medical assistance. Many factors influence drought stress and response. However, inevitably the following question is asked: are elevated greenhouse gas concentrations altering extreme rainfall deficit frequency? We investigate this with general circulation models (GCMs). After GCM bias correction to match the climatological mean of the CHIRPS data-based rainfall product, climate models project small decreases in probability of drought with the same (or worse) severity as 2016 ASO (August to October) East African event. This is by the end of the 21st century compared to the probabilities for present day. However, when further adjusting the climatological variability of GCMs to also match CHIRPS data, by additionally bias-correcting for variance, then the probability of drought occurrence will increase slightly over the same period.

Recent technological developments have made social net-works initiatives a popular method in the Public Admin-istration arena. Moreover, in some settings, those even become mandatory. However, the adoption of this new par-adigm needs to be followed up with training processes in-volving all the professionals within public organizations. To construct this framework, one may suggest creating an artificial environment of networks that simulates regional capacity-building networks in different settings. The objec-tive of this paper is therefore to develop and present an analytical framework that enables the creation and deploy-ment of a simulated regional capacity-building network in a government context. Our findings suggest that specific hierarchical and professional profiles within public admin-istration lead to different company positioning. Those, in turn, can increase long-term profits. Further steps are out-lined in order to consolidate a regional capacity-building network in government.